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<1234>| Characters | Pronunciation Romanization |
Simple Dictionary Definition |
滿字 满字 see styles |
mǎn zì man3 zi4 man tzu manji |
The complete word, i.e. Mahāyāna, as compared with the 半字 half word, or incomplete word of Hīnayāna. |
漸教 渐教 see styles |
jiàn jiào jian4 jiao4 chien chiao zengyō |
The gradual method of teaching by beginning with the Hīnayāna and proceeding to the Mahāyāna, in contrast with 頓教 q.v. the immediate teaching of the Mahāyāna doctrine, or of any truth directly; e.g. the Huayan school considers the Huayan sūtra as the immediate or direct teaching, and the Lotus Sūtra as both gradual and direct; Tiantai considers the Lotus direct and complete; but there are other definitions. |
火宅 see styles |
huǒ zhái huo3 zhai2 huo chai kataku かたく |
{Buddh} this world of suffering The parable of the burning house; one of the 'seven parables' in the Lotus Sutra 譬喩品, that of the burning house from which the owner tempts his heedless children by the device of the three kinds of carts— goat, deer, and bullock, especially a white-bullock cart i. e. Mahāyāna. |
白毫 see styles |
bái háo bai2 hao2 pai hao byakugō びゃくごう |
whorl of white hair on the forehead of the Buddha, represented by a white precious stone on statues of Buddha; urna The curl between Śākyamuni's eyebrows; from it, in the Mahāyāna sutras, he sends out a ray of light which reveals all worlds; it is used as a synonym of the Buddha, e. g. 白毫之賜 (all that a monk has is) a gift from the White-curled One. |
眞如 see styles |
zhēn rú zhen1 ru2 chen ju shinnyo しんにょ |
(surname) Shinnyo bhūtatathatā, 部多多他多. The眞 is intp. as 眞實 the real, 如 as 如常 thus always or eternally so; i.e. reality as contrasted with 虛妄 unreality, or appearance, and 不變不改 unchanging or immutable as contrasted with form and phenomena. It resembles the ocean in contrast with the waves. It is the eternal, impersonal, unchangeable reality behind all phenomena. bhūta is substance, that which exists; tathatā is suchness, thusness, i.e. such is its nature. The word is fundamental to Mahāyāna philosophy, implying the absolute, the ultimate source and character of all phenomena, it is the All. It is also called 自性淸淨心 self-existent pure Mind; 佛性 Buddha-nature; 法身 dharmakāya; 如來藏 tathāgata-garbha, or Buddha-treasury; 實相 reality; 法界 Dharma-realm; 法性Dharma-nature; 圓成實性 The complete and perfect real nature, or reality. There are categories of 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, and 12 in number: (1) The undifferentiated whole. (2) There are several antithetical classes, e.g. the unconditioned and the conditioned; the 空 void, static, abstract, noumenal, and the 不 空 not-void, dynamic, phenomenal; pure, and affected (or infected); undefiled (or innocent), i.e. that of Buddhas, defiled, that of all beings; in bonds and free; inexpressible, and expressible in words. (3) 無相 Formless; 無生 uncreated; 無性 without nature, i.e. without characteristics or qualities, absolute in itself. Also, as relative, i.e. good, bad, and indeterminate. (7, 10, 12) The 7 are given in the 唯識論 8; the 10 are in two classes, one of the 別教 cf. 唯識論 8; the other of the 圓教, cf. 菩提心義 4; the 12 are given in the Nirvana Sutra. |
眞淨 眞净 see styles |
zhēn jìng zhen1 jing4 chen ching shinjō |
The true and pure teaching of the Mahāyāna, in contrast to the Hīnayāna. |
眞空 see styles |
zhēn kōng zhen1 kong1 chen k`ung chen kung mahiro まひろ |
(female given name) Mahiro (1) The absolute void, complete vacuity, said to be the nirvana of the Hīnayāna. (2) The essence of the bhūtatathatā, as the 空眞如 of the 起信論, 唯識, and 華嚴. (3) The void or immaterial as reality, as essential or substantial, the 非 空 之 空 not-void void, the ultimate reality, the highest Mahāyāna concept of true voidness, or of ultimate reality. |
等妙 see styles |
děng miào deng3 miao4 teng miao tō myō |
The two supreme forms of Buddha-enlightenment 等覺 and 妙覺, being the 51st and 52nd stages of the Mahāyāna 階位. A Buddha is known as等妙覺王, king of these two forms of universal and supernatural illumination. |
終教 终教 see styles |
zhōng jiào zhong1 jiao4 chung chiao jūkyō |
The 'final teaching', i.e. the third in the category of the Huayan School, cf. 五教 the final metaphysical concepts of Mahāyāna, as presented in the Laṅkāvatāra sūtra, Awakening of Faith, etc. |
結集 结集 see styles |
jié jí jie2 ji2 chieh chi kesshuu / kesshu けっしゅう |
(n,vs,vt,vi) concentration (of efforts, forces, etc.); gathering together; regimentation; marshalling; mobilization The collection and fixing of the Buddhist canon; especially the first assembly which gathered to recite the scriptures, Saṅgīti. Six assemblies for creation or revision of the canon are named, the first at the Pippala cave at Rājagṛha under Ajātaśatru, the second at Vaiśālī, the third at Pāṭaliputra under Aśoka, the fourth in Kashmir under Kaniṣka, the fifth at the Vulture Peak for the Mahāyāna, and the sixth for the esoteric canon. The first is sometimes divided into two, that of those within 'the cave', and that of those without, i.e. the intimate disciples, and the greater assembly without; the accounts are conflicting and unreliable. The notable three disciples to whom the first reciting is attributed are Kāśyapa, as presiding elder, Ānanda for the Sūtras and the Abhidharma, and Upāli for the Vinaya; others attribute the Abhidharma to Pūrṇa, or Kāśyapa; but, granted the premises, whatever form their work may have taken, it cannot have been that of the existing Tripiṭaka. The fifth and sixth assemblies are certainly imaginary. |
緣起 缘起 see styles |
yuán qǐ yuan2 qi3 yüan ch`i yüan chi engi |
to originate; origin; genesis; account of the origins of an endeavor Arising from conditional causation; everything arises from conditions, and not being spontaneous and self-contained has no separate and independent nature; cf. 緣生. It is a fundamental doctrine of the Huayan school, which defines four principal uses of the term: (1) 業感緣起 that of the Hīnayāna, i.e. under the influence of karma the conditions of reincarnation arise; (2) 賴耶緣起 that of the primitive Mahāyāna school, i.e. that all things arise from the ālaya, or 藏 fundamental store; (3) 如來藏緣起 that of the advancing Mahāyāna, that all things arise from the tathāgatagarbha, or bhūtatathatā; (4) 法界緣起 that of complete Mahāyāna, in which one is all and all are one, each being a universal cause. |
聖僧 圣僧 see styles |
shèng sēng sheng4 seng1 sheng seng shōsō |
senior monk The holy monk, the image in the monks' assembly room; in Mahāyāna that of Mañjuśrī, in Hīnayāna that of Kāśyapa, or Subhūti, etc. |
衍經 衍经 see styles |
yǎn jīng yan3 jing1 yen ching en kyō |
mahāyāna sūtras |
衍門 衍门 see styles |
yǎn mén yan3 men2 yen men enmon |
The ample door, school, or way, the Mahāyāna. |
見佛 见佛 see styles |
jiàn fó jian4 fo2 chien fo kenbutsu |
Beholding Buddha; to see Buddha. Hīnayāna sees only the nirmāṇakāya or body of incarnation, Mahāyāna sees the spiritual body, or body in bliss, the saṃbhogakāya. |
見思 见思 see styles |
jiàn sī jian4 si1 chien ssu kenshi |
Views and thoughts, in general 見惑思惑 illusory or misleading views and thoughts; 見 refers partly to the visible world, but also to views derived therefrom, e. g. the ego, with the consequent illusion; 思 to the mental and moral world also with its illusion. The 三惑 three delusions which hinder the 三諦 three axioms are 見思, 塵沙, and 無明 q. v. Hīnayāna numbers 88 kinds and the Mahāyāna 112 of 見惑, of 思惑 10 and 16 respectively. |
見諦 见谛 see styles |
jiàn dì jian4 di4 chien ti kentai |
The realization of correct views, i. e. the Hīnayāna stage of one who has entered the stream of holy living; the Mahāyāna stage after the first Bodhisattva stage. |
論藏 论藏 see styles |
lùn zàng lun4 zang4 lun tsang ronzō |
Thesaurus of discussions or discourses, the Abhidharma Piṭaka, one of the three divisions of the Tripiṭaka. It comprises the philosophical works. The first compilation is accredited to Mahā-Kāśyapa, disciple of Buddha, but the work is of a later period. The Chinese version is in three sections: 大乘論 the Mahāyāna philosophy; 小乘論 the Hīnayāna philosophy; 宋元續入藏諸論 The Song and Yuan Addenda, A.D. 960-1368. |
證入 证入 see styles |
zhèng rù zheng4 ru4 cheng ju shōnyū |
Experiential entry into buddha-truth, (1) partial, as in Hīnayāna and the earlier Mahāyāna; (2) complete, as in the perfect school of Mahāyāna. |
賢聖 贤圣 see styles |
xián shèng xian2 sheng4 hsien sheng kensei / kense けんせい |
(personal name) Kensei Those who are noted for goodness, and those who are also noted for wisdom, or insight; the xian are still of ordinary human standard, the sheng transcend them in wisdom and character; the attainments from 見道 upwards are those of the sheng; the xian is on the moral plane, and has not eliminated illusion; the sheng has cut of illusion and has insight into absolute reality. The Mahāyāna has three stages for the xian and ten for the sheng; the Hīnayāna has seven for each. |
退大 see styles |
tuì dà tui4 da4 t`ui ta tui ta taidai |
To backslide from Mahāyāna (and revert to Hīnayāna). |
通教 see styles |
tōng jiào tong1 jiao4 t`ung chiao tung chiao michinori みちのり |
(given name) Michinori Tiantai classified Buddhist schools into four periods 藏, 通, 別, and 圓. The 藏 Piṭaka school was that of Hīnayāna. The 通Tong, interrelated or intermediate school, was the first stage of Mahāyāna, having in it elements of all the three vehicles, śrāvaka, pratyekabuddha, and bodhisattva. Its developing doctrine linked it with Hīnayāna on the one hand and on the other with the two further developments of the 別 'separate', or 'differentiated' Mahāyāna teaching, and the 圓 full-orbed, complete, or perfect Mahāyāna. The 通教 held the doctrine of the Void, but had not arrived at the doctrine of the Mean. |
還生 还生 see styles |
huán shēng huan2 sheng1 huan sheng genshō |
To return to life; to be reborn in this world; to be reborn from the Hīnayāna nirvana in order to be able to attain to Mahāyāna buddhahood; also, restoration to the order, after repentance for sin. |
露牛 see styles |
lù niú lu4 niu2 lu niu rogo |
The great white ox and oxcart revealed in the open, i.e. the Mahāyāna, v. Lotus Sūtra. |
頓大 顿大 see styles |
dùn dà dun4 da4 tun ta |
The immediate school and sūtra of the Mahāyāna, i.e. the Huayan. |
馬鳴 马鸣 see styles |
mǎ míng ma3 ming2 ma ming memyou / memyo めみょう |
(person) Asvaghosa (approx. 80-150 CE) 阿濕縛窶抄Aśvaghoṣa, the famous writer, whose patron was the Indo-Scythian king Kaniṣka q. v., was a Brahmin converted to Buddhism; he finally settled at Benares, and became the twelfth patriarch. His name is attached to ten works (v. Hōbōgirin 192, 201, 726, 727, 846, 1643, 1666, 1667, 1669, 1687). The two which have exerted great influence on Buddhism are 佛所行讚經 Buddhacarita-kāvya Sutra, tr. by Dharmarakṣa A. D. 414-421, tr. into English by Beal, S.B.E.; and 大乘起信論 Mahāyāna śraddhotpāda-śāstra, tr. by Paramārtha, A.D．554, and by Śikṣānanda, A. D. 695-700, tr. into English by Teitaro Suzuki 1900, and also by T. Richard, v. 起. He gave to Buddhism the philosophical basis for its Mahāyāna development. There are at least six others who bear this name. Other forms: 馬鳴; 阿濕縛窶抄馬鳴比丘; 馬鳴大士; 馬鳴菩薩, etc. |
體空 体空 see styles |
tǐ kōng ti3 kong1 t`i k`ung ti kung |
The emptiness, unreality, or immateriality of substance, the 'mind-only' theory, that all is mind or mental, a Mahāyāna doctrine. |
麤人 see styles |
cū rén cu1 ren2 ts`u jen tsu jen |
麁人 The immature man of Hīnayāna, who has a rough foundation, in contrast with the mature or refined 細人 man of Mahayana. Tiantai applied 麤 to the 藏, 通, and 別 schools, reserving 細 for the 圓 school. |
麤言 see styles |
cū yán cu1 yan2 ts`u yen tsu yen |
麁言 Coarse, crude, rough, immature words or talk; evil words. Rough, outline, preliminary words, e. g. Hīnayāna in contrast with Mahāyāna. The rough-and-ready, or cruder ' words and method of 誡 prohibitions from evil, in contrast with the more refined method of 勸 exhortation to good. |
一乘經 一乘经 see styles |
yī shèng jīng yi1 sheng4 jing1 i sheng ching ichijō kyō |
一乘妙典 (or 一乘妙文) Another name for the Lotus Sūtra, so called because it declares the one way of salvation, the perfect Mahāyāna. |
一代教 see styles |
yī dài jiào yi1 dai4 jiao4 i tai chiao ichidai kyō |
The whole of the Buddha's teaching from his enlightenment to his nirvāṇa, including Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna teaching. |
一佛乘 see styles |
yī fó shèng yi1 fo2 sheng4 i fo sheng ichibutsu jō |
The Mahāyāna, or one-Buddha vehicle, especially the teaching of the Lotus Sūtra.; The one Buddha-yāna. The One Vehicle, i.e. Mahāyāna, which contains the final or complete law of the Buddha and not merely a part, or preliminary stage, as in Hīnayāna. Mahāyānists claim it as the perfect and only way to the shore of parinirvāṇa. It is especially the doctrine of the 法華經 Lotus Sūtra; v. 大乘. |
一大車 一大车 see styles |
yī dà chē yi1 da4 che1 i ta ch`e i ta che ichi daisha |
The one great salvation vehicle of the Lotus Sūtra, the Mahāyāna. |
一性宗 see styles |
yī xìng zōng yi1 xing4 zong1 i hsing tsung isshō shū |
Monophysitic or "pantheistic' sects of Mahāyāna, which assert that all beings have one and the same nature with Buddha. |
一法印 see styles |
yī fǎ yìn yi1 fa3 yin4 i fa yin ippōin |
The seal or assurance of the one truth or law, see 一如 and 一實; the criterion of Mahāyāna doctrine, that all is bhūtatathatā, as contrasted with the Hīnayāna criteria of impermanence, non-personality, and nirvāṇa. |
七方便 see styles |
qī fāng biàn qi1 fang1 bian4 ch`i fang pien chi fang pien shichi hōben |
(七方便位) (1) The seven "expedient" or temporary attainments or positions of Hīnayāna, superseded in Mahayana by the 七賢 (位) or 七加行 (位) all preparatory to the 七聖 (位) (2) The seven vehicles, i.e. those of ordinary human beings, of devas, of śrāvakas, of pratyekabuddhas' and of the three bodhisattvas of the three teachings 藏, 通 and 別. (3) Also, 藏教之聲縁二人, 通教之聲縁菩三人, 別教and 圓教之二菩薩; (2) and (3) are Tiantai groups. |
七種辯 七种辩 see styles |
qī zhǒng biàn qi1 zhong3 bian4 ch`i chung pien chi chung pien shichishu ben |
The seven rhetorical powers or methods of bodhisattvas :― direct and unimpeded; acute and deep; unlimited in scope; irrefutable; appropriate, or according to receptivity; purposive or objective (i.e. nirvana); proving the universal supreme method of attainment, i.e. Mahayana. |
三卽一 see styles |
sān jí yī san1 ji2 yi1 san chi i |
The three vehicles (Hīnayāna, Madhyamayāna, Mahāyāna) are one, i. e. the three lead to bodhisattvaship and Buddhahood for all. |
三時教 三时教 see styles |
sān shí jiào san1 shi2 jiao4 san shih chiao sanji kyō |
(三時教判) The three periods and characteristics of Buddha's teaching, as defined by the Dharmalakṣana school 法相宗. They are: (1) 有, when he taught the 實有 reality of the skandhas and elements, but denied the common belief in 實我 real personality or a permanent soul; this period is represented by the four 阿含經 āgamas and other Hīnayāna sūtras. (2) 空 Śūnya, when he negatived the idea of 實法 the reality of things and advocated that all was 空 unreal; the period of the 般若經 prajñā sūtras. (3) 中 Madhyama, the mean, that mind or spirit is real, while things are unreal; the period of this school's specific sūtra the 解深密經, also the 法華 and later sūtras. In the two earlier periods he is said to have 方便 adapted his teaching to the development of his hearers; in the third to have delivered his complete and perfect doctrine. Another division by the 空宗 is (1) as above; (2) the early period of the Mahāyāna represented, by the 深密經; (3) the higher Mahāyāna as in the 般若經. v. also 三敎. |
三種智 三种智 see styles |
sān zhǒng zhì san1 zhong3 zhi4 san chung chih sanshu chi |
The wisdom of common men, of the heterodox, and of Buddhism; i.e. (a) 世間智 normal, worldly knowledge or ideas; (b) 出世間智 other worldly wisdom, e.g. of Hīnayāna; (c) 出世間上上智 the highest other-worldly wisdom, of Mahāyāna; cf. 三種波羅蜜. |
上乘禪 上乘禅 see styles |
shàng shèng chán shang4 sheng4 chan2 shang sheng ch`an shang sheng chan jōjō zen |
The Mahāyāna Ch'an (Zen) School, which considers that it alone attains the highest realization of Mahāyāna truth. Hīnayāna philosophy is said only to realize the unreality of the ego and not the unreality of all things. The Mahāyāna realizes the unreality of the ego and of all things. But the Ch'an school is pure idealism, all being mind. This mind is Buddha, and is the universal fundamental mind. |
不定教 see styles |
bù dìng jiào bu4 ding4 jiao4 pu ting chiao fujō kyō |
Indeterminate teaching. Tiantai divides the Buddha' s mode of teaching into four; this one means that Buddha, by his extraordinary powers of 方便 upāya-kauśalya, or adaptability, could confer Mahāyāna benefits on his hearers out of his Hīnayāna teaching and vice versa, dependent on the capacity of his hearers. |
不死門 不死门 see styles |
bù sǐ mén bu4 si3 men2 pu ssu men fushi mon |
The gate of immortality or nirvana, i. e. Mahāyāna. |
不淨肉 不净肉 see styles |
bù jìng ròu bu4 jing4 rou4 pu ching jou fujō niku |
Unclean', flesh, i. e. that of animals, fishes, etc., seen being killed, heard being killed, or suspected of being killed; Hīnayāna forbids these, Mahāyāna forbids all flesh. |
了義經 了义经 see styles |
liǎo yì jīng liao3 yi4 jing1 liao i ching ryōgi kyō |
The sūtras containing it. Mahāyāna counts all Hīnayāna sutras as 不了義經; Mahāyāna sūtras are divided into both kinds according to different schools. |
五味禪 五味禅 see styles |
wǔ wèi chán wu3 wei4 chan2 wu wei ch`an wu wei chan gomi zen |
Five kinds of concentration, i. e. that of heretics, ordinary people, Hīnayāna, Mahāyāna, and 最上乘 the supreme vehicle, or that of believers in the fundamental Buddha-nature of all things; this is styled 如來滿淨禪; 一行三昧,; 眞如三昧. |
五攝論 五摄论 see styles |
wǔ shè lùn wu3 she4 lun4 wu she lun Goshōron |
A śāstra of Asaṅga 無著, also translated as the 攝大乘論, giving a description of Mahāyāna doctrine; Vasubandhu prepared a summary of it; tr. by 無性 Wuxiang. Translations were also made by Paramārtha and Xuanzang; other versions and treatises under various names exist. |
五蘊論 五蕴论 see styles |
wǔ yùn lùn wu3 yun4 lun4 wu yün lun Goun ron |
大乘五蘊論 A śāstra by Vasubandhu on the Mahāyāna interpretation of the five skandhas, tr. by Xuanzang; 1 chuan. Other works are the 五蘊皆空經 tr. by Yijing of the Tang dynasty. 五蘊譬喩經 tr. by 安世高 An Shih Kao of the Han dynasty: both are in the 雜阿含經 2 and 10 respectively; also 五蘊論釋 a commentary by Vinītaprabha. |
兩足尊 两足尊 see styles |
liǎng zú zūn liang3 zu2 zun1 liang tsu tsun ryōzoku son |
The most honoured among men and devas (lit. among two-footed beings), a title of the Buddha. The two feet are compared to the commandments and meditation, blessing and wisdom, relative and absolute teaching (i. e. Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna), meditation and action. |
八顚倒 see styles |
bā diān dào ba1 dian1 dao4 pa tien tao hachi tendō |
The eight upside-down views: heretics believe in 常樂我淨 permanence, pleasure, personality, and purity; the two Hīnayāna vehicles deny these both now and in nirvāṇa. Mahāyāna denies them now, but asserts them in nirvāṇa. Also 八倒. |
半滿教 半满教 see styles |
bàn mǎn jiào ban4 man3 jiao4 pan man chiao hanman kyō |
The half and the complete doctrines: i. e. Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna. |
含中教 see styles |
hán zhōng jiào han2 zhong1 jiao4 han chung chiao ganchū kyō |
A Tiantai term for the 通教 which was midway between or interrelated with Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna. |
四十位 see styles |
sì shí wèi si4 shi2 wei4 ssu shih wei shijū i |
The 'forty bodhisattva positions' of the 梵網經. They are classified into four groups: (1) 十發趣 Ten initial stages, i. e. the minds 心 of abandoning things of the world, of keeping the moral law, patience, zealous progress, dhyāna, wisdom, resolve, guarding (the Law), joy, and spiritual baptism by the Buddha. These are associated with the 十住. (2) 十長養 Ten steps in the nourishment of perfection, i. e. minds of kindness, pity, joy, relinquishing, almsgiving, good discourse, benefiting, friendship, dhyāna, wisdom. These are associated with the 十行. (3) 十金剛 Ten 'diamond' steps of firmness, i. e. a mind of faith, remembrance, bestowing one's merits on others, understanding, uprighthess, no-retreat, Mahāyāna, formlessness, wisdom, indestructibility; these are associated with the 十廻向. (4) The 十地 q. v. |
四善根 see styles |
sì shàn gēn si4 shan4 gen1 ssu shan ken shi zenkon |
catuṣ-kuśala-mūla, the four good roots, or sources from which spring good fruiy or development. In Hīnayāna they form the stage after 總相念住 as represented by the 倶舍 and 成實; in Mahāyāna it is the final stage of the 十廻向 as represented by the 法相宗. There are also four similar stages connected with śrāvaka, pratyekabuddha, and Buddha, styled 三品四善根. The four of the 倶舍宗 are 煗法, 頂法, 忍法, and 世第一法. The four of the 成實宗 are the same, but are applied differently. The 法相宗 retains the same four terms, but connects them with the four dhyāna stages of the 眞唯識觀 in its four first 加行 developments. |
大乘因 see styles |
dà shèng yīn da4 sheng4 yin1 ta sheng yin daijō in |
Mahāyāna "cause" is variously described as the mind of enlightenment 菩提心; or the reality behind all things 諸法實相. |
大乘基 see styles |
dà shèng jī da4 sheng4 ji1 ta sheng chi Daijō ki |
"Mahāyāna‐fundament", title of 窺基 Kuiji, a noted disciple of Xuanzang 玄奘; known also as 大乘法師. |
大乘天 see styles |
dà shèng tiān da4 sheng4 tian1 ta sheng t`ien ta sheng tien Daijō ten |
"Mahāyāna-deva", a title given to 玄奘 Xuanzang, who was also styled 木叉提婆 Moksa-deva. |
大乘宗 see styles |
dà shèng zōng da4 sheng4 zong1 ta sheng tsung daijō shū |
The school of Mahāyāna, attributed to the rise in India of the Mādhyamika, i.e. the 中觀 or 三論 school ascribed to Nāgārjuna, and the Yoga 瑜伽 or Dharmalakṣaṇa 法相 school, the other schools being Hīnayāna. In China and Japan the 倶舍 and 成實 are classed as Hīnayāna, the rest being Mahāyāna , of which the principal schools are 律, 法相 , 三論, 華嚴, 天台, 眞言 , 淨土 , 禪 q.v. |
大乘律 see styles |
dà shèng lǜ da4 sheng4 lv4 ta sheng lü daijō ritsu |
Mahāyāna Vinaya |
大乘心 see styles |
dà shèng xīn da4 sheng4 xin1 ta sheng hsin daijō shin |
The mind or heart of the Mahāyāna; seeking the mind of Buddha by means of Mahāyāna. |
大乘經 大乘经 see styles |
dà shèng jīng da4 sheng4 jing1 ta sheng ching daijō kyō |
Mahāyāna sutras, the sūtra-piṭaka. Discourses ascribed to the Buddha, presumed to be written in India and translated into Chinese. These are divided into five classes corresponding to the Mahāyāna theory of the Buddha's life: (1) Avataṃsaka, 華嚴 the sermons first preached by Śākyamuni after enlightenment; (2) Vaipulya, 方等; (3) Prajñā Pāramitā, 般若; (4) Saddharma Puṇḍarīka, 法華; and last (5) Mahāparinirvāṇa, 涅槃. Another list of Mahāyāna sutras is 般若; 寳積; 大集; 華嚴 and 涅槃. The sutras of Hīnayāna are given as the Agamas 阿含, etc. |
大乘論 大乘论 see styles |
dà shèng lùn da4 sheng4 lun4 ta sheng lun daijō ron |
Abhidharma of the Mahāyāna, the collection of discourses on metaphysics and doctrines. |
大乘道 see styles |
dà shéng dào da4 sheng2 dao4 ta sheng tao daijō dō |
the mahāyāna path |
大方廣 大方广 see styles |
dà fāng guǎng da4 fang1 guang3 ta fang kuang daihōkō |
mahāvaipulya ; cf. 大方等 The great Vaipulyas, or sutras of Mahāyāna. 方廣 and 方等 are similar in meaning. Vaipulya is extension, spaciousness, widespread, and this is the idea expressed both in 廣 broad, widespread, as opposed to narrow, restricted, and in 等 levelled up, equal everywhere, universal. These terms suggest the broadening of the basis of Buddhism, as is found in Mahāyāna. The Vaipulya works are styled sutras, for the broad doctrine of universalism, very different from the traditional account of his discourses, is put into the mouth of the Buddha in wider, or universal aspect. These sutras are those of universalism, of which the Lotus 法華 is an outstanding example. The form Vaitulya instead of Vaipulya is found in some Kashgar MSS. of the Lotus, suggesting that in the Vetulla sect lies the origin of the Vaipulyas, and with them of Mahāyāna, but the evidence is inadequate. |
大方等 see styles |
dà fāng děng da4 fang1 deng3 ta fang teng dai hōdō |
Mahāvaipulya or vaipulya 大方廣; 毗佛畧. They are called 無量義經 sutras of infinite meaning, or of the infinite; first introduced into China by Dharmarakṣa (A.D.266―317). The name is common to Hīnayāna and Mahayana, but chiefly claimed by the latter for its special sutras as extending and universalizing the Buddha's earlier preliminary teaching. v. 大方廣 and 方等. |
大法螺 see styles |
dà fǎ luó da4 fa3 luo2 ta fa lo daihōra おおぼら |
big lie; whopper The Great Law conch, or Mahāyāna bugle. |
大法雨 see styles |
dà fǎ yǔ da4 fa3 yu3 ta fa yü dai hōu |
The raining, i.e. preaching, of the Mahāyāna. |
大牛車 大牛车 see styles |
dà niú chē da4 niu2 che1 ta niu ch`e ta niu che dai gyū sha |
The great ox cart in the Lotus Sutra 法華經 parable of the burning house, i.e. Mahāyāna. |
天台律 see styles |
tiān tái lǜ tian1 tai2 lv4 t`ien t`ai lü tien tai lü Tendai ritsu |
The laws of the Tiantai sect as given in the Lotus, and the ten primary commandments and forty-eight secondary commandments of 梵網經 the Sutra of Brahma's Net 梵網經 (Brahmajāla); they are ascribed as the 大乘圓頓戒 the Mahāyāna perfect and immediate moral precepts, immediate in the sense of the possibility of all instantly becoming Buddha. |
學無學 学无学 see styles |
xué wú xué xue2 wu2 xue2 hsüeh wu hsüeh gaku mugaku |
One who is still learning, and one who has attained; 學 is to study religion order to get rid of illusion; 無學 begins when illusion is cast off. In Hīnayāna the first three stages, v. 四果, belong to the period of 學; the arhat to the 無學. In the Mahāyāna, the ten stages of the bodhisattva belong to 學; the stage of Buddha to 無學. |
小乘戒 see styles |
xiǎo shèng jiè xiao3 sheng4 jie4 hsiao sheng chieh shōjō kai |
The commandments of the Hīnayāna, also recognized by the Mahāyāna: the five, eight, and ten commandments, the 250 for the monks, and the 348 for the nuns. |
忍加行 see styles |
rěn jiā xíng ren3 jia1 xing2 jen chia hsing nin kegyō |
The discipline of patience, in the 四加行 four Hīnayāna disciplines; also in the Mahāyāna. |
摩訶衍 摩诃衍 see styles |
mó hē yǎn mo2 he1 yan3 mo ho yen makaen |
(摩訶衍那) Mahāyāna, 大乘 q.v. the real Vehicle, in contrast with Hīnayāna 小乘. Also 摩訶夜那 (or 摩訶夜泥). |
攝論師 摄论师 see styles |
shè lùn shī she4 lun4 shi1 she lun shih Shōron shi |
masters of the Mahāyāna-saṃgraha |
新舊醫 新旧医 see styles |
xīn jiù yī xin1 jiu4 yi1 hsin chiu i shinkui |
Old and new methods of healing, e.g. Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna, v. Nirvāṇa Sūtra 2. |
智度論 智度论 see styles |
zhì dù lùn zhi4 du4 lun4 chih tu lun Chido ron |
(大智度論) The śāstra or commentary on the Prajñā-pāramitā-sūtra; cf. 般若. It is a famous philosophical Mahāyāna work. |
最勝乘 最胜乘 see styles |
zuì shèng shèng zui4 sheng4 sheng4 tsui sheng sheng saishō jō |
The supreme vehicle, Mahāyāna. |
有餘土 有余土 see styles |
yǒu yú tǔ you3 yu2 tu3 yu yü t`u yu yü tu uyo do |
One of the four lands, or realms, the 方便有餘土 to which, according to Mahāyāna, arhats go at their decease; cf. 有餘涅槃. |
權大乘 权大乘 see styles |
quán dà chéng quan2 da4 cheng2 ch`üan ta ch`eng chüan ta cheng gon daijō |
The temporary, or partial, schools of Mahāyāna, the 通 and 別, in contrast with the 實大乘 schools which taught universal Buddhahood, e.g. the Huayan and Tiantai schools. |
毘佛略 毗佛略 see styles |
pí fó lüè pi2 fo2 lve4 p`i fo lve pi fo lve hibutsuryaku |
vaipulya, large, spacious, intp. 方廣 q. v., expanded, enlarged. The term is applied to sūtras of an expanded nature, especially expansion of the doctrine; in Hīnayāna the Āgamas, in Mahāyāna the sutras of Huayan and Lotus type; they are found in the tenth of the 十二部經 twelve sections of the classics. Other forms are 鞞佛略 or 裴佛略; 毘富羅. |
法眼淨 法眼净 see styles |
fǎ yǎn jìng fa3 yan3 jing4 fa yen ching hōgen jō |
To see clearly or purely the truth: in Hīnayāna, to see the truth of the four dogmas; in Mahāyāna, to see the truth which releases from reincarnation. |
波羅夷 波罗夷 see styles |
bō luó yí bo1 luo2 yi2 po lo i harai はらい |
{Buddh} parajika (rules entailing expulsion from the sangha for life) pārājika. The first section of the Vinaya piṭaka containing rules of expulsion from the order, for unpardonable sin. Also 波羅闍巳迦; 波羅市迦. Cf. 四波羅夷. There are in Hīnayāna eight sins for expulsion of nuns, and in Mahāyāna ten. The esoteric sects have their own rules. |
涅槃経 see styles |
nehangyou / nehangyo ねはんぎょう |
(abbreviation) {Buddh} (See 大般涅槃経) Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra; Nirvana Sutra |
涅槃經 涅盘经 see styles |
niè pán jīng nie4 pan2 jing1 nieh p`an ching nieh pan ching Nehan gyō |
the Nirvana sutra: every living thing has Buddha nature. Nirvāṇa Sūtra. There are two versions, one the Hīnayāna, the other the Mahāyāna, both of which are translated into Chinese, in several versions, and there are numerous treatises on them. Hīnayāna: 佛般泥洹經 Mahaparinirvāṇa Sūtra, tr. by Po Fazu A.D. 290-306 of the Western Chin dynasty, B.N. 552. 大般涅槃經 tr. by Faxian, B.N. 118. 般泥洹經 translator unknown. These are different translations of the same work. In the Āgamas 阿含there is also a Hīnayāna Nirvāṇa Sūtra. Mahāyāna: 佛說方等般泥洹經 Caturdāraka-samādhi Sūtra, tr. by Dharmarakṣa of the Western Chin A.D. 265-316, B. N. 116. 大般泥洹經 Mahaparinirvāṇa Sūtra, tr. by Faxian, together with Buddhabhadra of the Eastern Chin, A.D. 317-420, B. N. 120, being a similar and incomplete translation of B. N. 113, 114. 四童子三昧經 Caturdāraka-samādhi Sūtra, tr. by Jñānagupta of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589-618, B.N. 121. The above three differ, though they are the first part of the Nirvāṇa Sūtra of the Mahāyāna. The complete translation is 大般涅槃經 tr. by Dharmarakṣa A.D. 423, B.N. 113; v. a partial translation of fasc. 12 and 39 by Beal, in his Catena of Buddhist Scriptures, pp. 160-188. It is sometimes called 北本 or Northern Book, when compared with its revision, the Southern Book, i.e. 南方大般涅槃經 Mahaparinirvāṇa Sūtra, produced in Jianye, the modem Nanjing, by two Chinese monks, Huiyan and Huiguan, and a literary man, Xie Lingyun. B.N. 114. 大般涅槃經後分 The latter part of the Mahaparinirvāṇa Sūtra tr. by Jñānabhadra together with Huining and others of the Tang dynasty, B.N. 115, a continuation of the last chapter of B.N. 113 and 114. |
無上乘 无上乘 see styles |
wú shàng shèng wu2 shang4 sheng4 wu shang sheng mujō jō |
(無上上乘) The most supreme Vehicle, the Mahāyāna. |
異熟生 异熟生 see styles |
yì shóu shēng yi4 shou2 sheng1 i shou sheng ijuku shō |
A difference is made in Mahāyāna between 異熟 (異熟識) which is considered as ālaya-vijñāna, and 異熟生 the six senses, which are produced from the ālaya-vijñāna. |
相始教 see styles |
xiàng shǐ jiào xiang4 shi3 jiao4 hsiang shih chiao sō shikyō |
initial [Mahāyāna] teaching of characteristics |
究竟位 see styles |
jiù jìng wèi jiu4 jing4 wei4 chiu ching wei kukyō i |
The supreme class or stage, i. e. that of Buddhahood. The Mahāyāna groups the various stages in the attainment of Buddhahood into five, of which this is the highest. |
空始教 see styles |
kōng shǐ jiào kong1 shi3 jiao4 k`ung shih chiao kung shih chiao kū shikyō |
The initial teaching of the undeveloped Mahāyāna doctrines is the second of the five periods of Śākyamuni's teaching as defined by the Huayan School. This consists of two parts: 空始教 the initial doctrine of śūnya, the texts for which are the 般若, 三論, etc.; and 相始教, the initial doctrine of the essential nature as held by the esoterics; intp. in the 深密 and 瑜伽 texts. |
第一乘 see styles |
dì yī shèng di4 yi1 sheng4 ti i sheng daiichi jō |
The supreme vehicle, Mahāyāna. |
緣覺乘 缘觉乘 see styles |
yuán jué shèng yuan2 jue2 sheng4 yüan chüeh sheng engaku jō |
The 'middle conveyance' period, characterized as that of the pratyekabuddha, who is enlightened by the twelve nidānas; it is considered as an advance on the Hīnayāna, cf. śrāvaka, but not yet the standard of the altruistic bodhisattva-vehicle, the Mahāyāna. |
般涅槃 see styles |
bān niè pán ban1 nie4 pan2 pan nieh p`an pan nieh pan hatsunehan はつねはん |
{Buddh} parinirvana; final release from the cycle of karma and rebirth (般涅槃那) parinirvāṇa; 'quite extinguished, quite brought to an end; the final extinction of the individual.' M. W. The death of the Buddha. Nirvana may be attained in this life, parinirvāṇa after it; for the meaning of 'extinction' v. 涅槃. It may also correspond to the suppression of all mental activity. It is also the second of the three grades of nirvana, parinirvāṇa, and mahānirvāṇa, which are later developments and have association with the ideas of Hīnayāna, Madhyamayāna, and Mahāyāna, or the small, middle, and great vehicles; also with the three grades of bodhi which these three vehicles represent; and the three classes of śrāvakas, pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas. Other forms are:般利涅槃那; 波利涅槃那; 般尼洹. |
菩薩僧 菩萨僧 see styles |
pú sà sēng pu2 sa4 seng1 p`u sa seng pu sa seng bosatsu sō |
The bodhisattvasaṅgha, or monks, i.e. Mahāyāna, though there has been dispute whether Hīnayāna monks may be included. |
菩薩藏 菩萨藏 see styles |
pú sà zàng pu2 sa4 zang4 p`u sa tsang pu sa tsang bosatsu zō |
The Mahāyāna scriptures, i.e. those of the bodhisattva school. |
華嚴時 华严时 see styles |
huā yán shí hua1 yan2 shi2 hua yen shih Kegon ji |
The first of the 'five periods' as defined by Tiantai, according to which school this sūtra was delivered by Śākyamuni immediately after his enlightenment; but accounts vary as to whether it was on the second or third seventh day; all these claims are, however, devoid of evidence, the sūtra being a Mahāyāna creation. |
起信論 起信论 see styles |
qǐ xìn lùn qi3 xin4 lun4 ch`i hsin lun chi hsin lun Kishinron |
Śraddhotpada Śāstra; it is one of the earliest remaining Mahāyāna texts and is attributed to Aśvaghoṣa; cf. 馬鳴; two tr. have been made, one by Paramārtha in A. D. 554, another by Śikṣānanda, circa 700; the first text is more generally accepted, as Chih-i, the founder of Tiantai, was Paramārtha's amanuensis, and 法藏 Fazang (643-712) made the standard commentary on it, the 起信論義記, though he had assisted Śikṣānanda in his translation. It gives the fundamental principles of Mahāyāna, and was tr. into English by Teitaro Suzuki (1900), also by T. Richard. There are several commentaries and treatises on it. |
阿僧伽 see styles |
ā sēng qié a1 seng1 qie2 a seng ch`ieh a seng chieh Asōga |
(阿僧) asaṅga, āryāsaṅga, intp. as 無著 unattached, free; lived 'a thousand years after the Nirvāṇa', probably the fourth century A.D., said to be the eldest brother of 天親 Vasubandhu, whom he converted to Mahāyāna. He was first a follower of the Mahīśāsaka hschool, but founded the Yogācārya or Tantric school with his Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra 瑜伽師地論, which in the 三藏傳 is said to have been dictated to him by Maitreya in the Tuṣita heaven, along with the 莊嚴大乘論 and the 中邊分別論. He was a native of Gandhāra, but lived mostly in Ayodhyā (Oudh). |
阿彌陀 阿弥陀 see styles |
ā mí tuó a1 mi2 tuo2 a mi t`o a mi to Amida あみだ |
(out-dated kanji) (1) (Buddhist term) Amitabha (Buddha); Amida; (2) (kana only) (abbreviation) ghostleg lottery; ladder lottery; lottery in which participants trace a line across a lattice pattern to determine the winner; (3) (kana only) (abbreviation) wearing a hat pushed back on one's head (阿彌) amita, boundless, infinite; tr. by 無量 immeasurable. The Buddha of infinite qualities, known as 阿彌陀婆 (or 阿彌陀佛) Amitābha, tr. 無量光 boundless light; 阿彌陀廋斯Amitāyus, tr. 無量壽 boundless age, or life; and among the esoteric sects Amṛta 甘露 (甘露王) sweet-dew (king). An imaginary being unknown to ancient Buddhism, possibly of Persian or Iranian origin, who has eclipsed the historical Buddha in becoming the most popular divinity in the Mahāyāna pantheon. His name indicates an idealization rather than an historic personality, the idea of eternal light and life. The origin and date of the concept are unknown, but he has always been associated with the west, where in his Paradise, Suikhāvatī, the Western Pure Land, he receives to unbounded happiness all who call upon his name (cf. the Pure Lands 淨土 of Maitreya and Akṣobhya). This is consequent on his forty-eight vows, especially the eighteenth, in which he vows to refuse Buddhahood until he has saved all living beings to his Paradise, except those who had committed the five unpardonable sins, or were guilty of blasphemy against the Faith. While his Paradise is theoretically only a stage on the way to rebirth in the final joys of nirvana, it is popularly considered as the final resting-place of those who cry na-mo a-mi-to-fo, or blessed be, or adoration to, Amita Buddha. The 淨土 Pure-land (Jap. Jōdo) sect is especially devoted to this cult, which arises chiefly out of the Sukhāvatīvyūha, but Amita is referred to in many other texts and recognized, with differing interpretations and emphasis, by the other sects. Eitel attributes the first preaching of the dogma to 'a priest from Tokhara' in A. D.147, and says that Faxian and Xuanzang make no mention of the cult. But the Chinese pilgrim 慧日Huiri says he found it prevalent in India 702-719. The first translation of the Amitāyus Sutra, circa A.D. 223-253, had disappeared when the Kaiyuan catalogue was compiled A.D. 730. The eighteenth vow occurs in the tr. by Dharmarakṣa A.D. 308. With Amita is closely associated Avalokiteśvara, who is also considered as his incarnation, and appears crowned with, or bearing the image of Amita. In the trinity of Amita, Avalokiteśvara appears on his left and Mahāsthāmaprāpta on his right. Another group, of five, includes Kṣitigarbha and Nāgārjuna, the latter counted as the second patriarch of the Pure Land sect. One who calls on the name of Amitābha is styled 阿彌陀聖 a saint of Amitābha. Amitābha is one of the Five 'dhyāni buddhas' 五佛, q.v. He has many titles, amongst which are the following twelve relating to him as Buddha of light, also his title of eternal life: 無量光佛Buddha of boundless light; 無邊光佛 Buddha of unlimited light; 無礙光佛 Buddha of irresistible light; 無對光佛 Buddha of incomparable light; 燄王光佛 Buddha of yama or flame-king light; 淸淨光佛 Buddha of pure light; 歡喜光佛 Buddha of joyous light; 智慧光佛 Buddha of wisdom light; 不斷光佛 Buddha of unending light; 難思光佛 Buddha of inconceivable light; 無稱光佛Buddha of indescribable light; 超日月光佛 Buddha of light surpassing that of sun and moon; 無量壽 Buddha of boundless age. As buddha he has, of course, all the attributes of a buddha, including the trikāya, or 法報化身, about which in re Amita there are differences of opinion in the various schools. His esoteric germ-letter is hrīḥ, and he has specific manual-signs. Cf. 阿彌陀經, of which with commentaries there are numerous editions. |
阿羅漢 阿罗汉 see styles |
ā luó hàn a1 luo2 han4 a lo han arakan あらかん |
arhat (Sanskrit); a holy man who has left behind all earthly desires and concerns and attained nirvana (Buddhism) {Buddh} arhat arhan, arhat, lohan; worthy, venerable; an enlightened, saintly man; the highest type or ideal saint in Hīnayāna in contrast with the bodhisattva as the saint in Mahāyāna; intp. as 應供worthy of worship, or respect; intp. as 殺賊 arihat, arihan, slayer of the enemy, i.e. of mortality; for the arhat enters nirvana 不生 not to be reborn, having destroyed the karma of reincarnation; he is also in the stage of 不學 no longer learning, having attained. Also 羅漢; 阿盧漢; 阿羅訶 or 阿羅呵; 阿梨呵 (or 阿黎呵); 羅呵, etc.; cf. 阿夷; 阿畧. |
雜集論 杂集论 see styles |
zá jí lùn za2 ji2 lun4 tsa chi lun Zōshū ron |
Exegesis on the Collection of Mahāyāna Abhidharma |
Entries with 2nd row of characters: The 2nd row is Simplified Chinese.
This page contains 100 results for "mahayana" in Chinese and/or Japanese.Information about this dictionary:
Apparently, we were the first ones who were crazy enough to think that western people might want a combined Chinese, Japanese, and Buddhist dictionary.
A lot of westerners can't tell the difference between Chinese and Japanese - and there is a reason for that. Chinese characters and even whole words were borrowed by Japan from the Chinese language in the 5th century. Much of the time, if a word or character is used in both languages, it will have the same or a similar meaning. However, this is not always true. Language evolves, and meanings independently change in each language.
Example: The Chinese character 湯 for soup (hot water) has come to mean bath (hot water) in Japanese. They have the same root meaning of "hot water", but a 湯屋 sign on a bathhouse in Japan would lead a Chinese person to think it was a "soup house" or a place to get a bowl of soup. See this: Japanese Bath House
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Chinese Buddhist terms come from Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms by William Edward Soothill and Lewis Hodous. This is commonly referred to as "Soothill's'". It was first published in 1937 (and is now off copyright so we can use it here). Some of these definitions may be misleading, incomplete, or dated, but 95% of it is good information. Every professor who teaches Buddhism or Eastern Religion has a copy of this on their bookshelf. We incorporated these 16,850 entries into our dictionary database ourselves (it was lot of work).
Combined, these cover 1,007,753 Japanese, Chinese, and Buddhist characters, words, idioms, names, placenames, and short phrases.
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